asphianto, aan (2021) Tracking Criminal Actions on Drug Consumption on Campus with Wastewater-Based. Eximia Journal, 2 (1). pp. 63-71. ISSN 2784-0735

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Abstract

Wastewater based epidemiology is applied to estimate the crime of narcotics consumption, twelve narcotics on campus. Seven consecutive 24-hour composite raw wastewater samples (n=10) were obtained once a month from sampling locations that captured > 95% of campus wastewater. The samples were analyzed for indicators of consumption of morphine, codeine, oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, alprazolam, cocaine, and MDMA using LC-MS/MS. Eleven indicator compounds (oxycodone, codeine, norcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine, EDDP, amphetamine, alprazolam, alpha hydroxyalprazolam, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and MDMA) occurred at a detection frequency of 100% across studies, followed by morphine-3-glucuronide (98%), noroxycodone (95%), methylphenidate (90%), heroin (7%), norfentanyl (7%), and fentanyl (5%). Estimates of average drug consumption are classified as follows in mg/day/1000 persons: heroin (474 ± 32), cocaine (551 ± 49), amphetamines (256 ± 12), methylphenidate (236 ± 28), methadone (72 ± 8), oxycodone (80 ± 6), alprazolam (60 ± 2), MDMA (88 ± 35), codeine (50 ± 4), and morphine (18 ± 3). This study of criminal acts against narcotics trafficking in campus resulted in basic data on 12 narcotics for campus and demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of detecting metabolites.

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